Question 144·Hard·Standard English Conventions

The words been archived follow the blank, so start by checking whether the verb is complete. Is there already a verb that shows tense? No: those words don't show tense by themselves, and to encourage only says why the material was archived. The blank needs a verb that shows tense, and the -ing form having on its own can't supply one.

What was archived? Set aside along with their intricate data visualizations, because along with adds information rather than joining another noun to the subject the way and does. Then cross out of groundbreaking studies on climate feedback loops, which tells us what the array contains. The plural nouns in those phrases don't control the verb. We're left with An array, which names one collection.

Now shrink An array to it and sort the choices by number. Does have match? We say they have, so have is plural and doesn't fit one array. The verb form must be singular, but we still need to see whether it works with the words after the blank.

Which singular verb works with been archived? Been is the past participle of be, the form used after have, has, or had. The phrase is been archived doesn't work because is would need archived or being archived, not been archived. The verb has gives the complete phrase has been archived. Choice B.