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Question 12·200 Super-Hard SAT Reading Questions·Craft and Structure

During a performance of a waltz, pianist Mara Velez lingers on melody notes so extensively that the tempo can seem on the verge of dissolving. In an experiment, listeners nevertheless predicted each returning downbeat accurately, but their predictions became erratic when researchers removed a quiet, regular bass pattern without altering the melody's timing. The pattern did not generate Velez's delays; rather, the performance's temporal elasticity was _____ by the bass pattern, since a stable pulse allowed listeners to register the delays as departures from an expectation.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?