Question 198·Hard·Nonlinear Functions
The mass, , in milligrams, of a certain radioactive substance remaining hours after an experiment begins is modeled by
Of the following, which equation models the mass, in milligrams, of the substance seconds after the experiment begins?
When an exponential model’s time unit changes (like hours to seconds), keep the base the same and focus on how the exponent changes. First, understand what the denominator in the exponent means (often a half-life or time constant), then convert that time to the new units. Write the old time variable in terms of the new one (for example, ), substitute into the exponent, simplify the fraction, and finally match that simplified exponent to the answer choices. This avoids re-deriving the whole model and prevents unit-conversion errors.
Hints
Focus on the units in the exponent
In the original model, what time unit does measure, and what does the denominator 6 in represent?
Convert seconds to hours
If is the number of seconds, how many hours is that? Write in terms of using the fact that 1 hour equals 3,600 seconds.
Update the exponent carefully
After you write in terms of , substitute that expression into and simplify the fraction in the exponent. Then match the simplified exponent with one of the answer choices.
Desmos Guide
Graph or define the original model in hours
In Desmos, define a function for the original model using for hours:
- Type
f(x) = 1200*(1/2)^(x/6).
Check that is 600 to confirm the half-life of 6 hours.
Express the original model in terms of seconds
Since , define a new function in Desmos using for seconds:
- Type
g(t) = 1200*(1/2)^((t/3600)/6).
Let Desmos simplify the exponent internally; this is the correct model in seconds.
Test the answer choices numerically
For each answer choice, define a function of (seconds) in Desmos (for example, A(t) = 1200*(1/2)^(21600*t), B(t) = ..., etc.). Then compare their values to at a key time, such as (which is 6 hours). The choice whose function matches (and in general overlaps on the graph) is the correct equation.
Step-by-step Explanation
Interpret the original exponential model
The given model is
The exponent means: after 6 hours (), the exponent is 1, so the mass becomes milligrams. So the half-life is 6 hours, and measures time in hours.
Relate hours to seconds
We want the model in terms of seconds , not hours .
Use the conversion between hours and seconds:
- 1 hour seconds.
So if is the number of seconds, then the number of hours that have passed is
We will substitute this expression for in the exponent.
Substitute and simplify the exponent
Replace with in the exponent :
So the correct model in terms of seconds is
which corresponds to answer choice D.