Question 197·Medium·Nonlinear Functions
The mass, in grams, of a radioactive substance is modeled by
where is the time in days since the initial measurement.
According to the model, what is the half-life of the substance, in days?
For exponential decay half-life questions, first interpret the model to find the initial value, then set the function equal to half of that value. Divide to isolate the exponential expression, apply the natural logarithm to both sides to remove the base , and solve the resulting linear equation for . Finally, use your calculator for the logarithm and arithmetic, and choose the answer choice closest to your computed time.
Hints
Find the initial mass
Plug into to find the initial mass. Half-life is based on this starting amount.
Relate half-life to the function value
For the half-life, the mass should be half of the initial mass. What number should you set equal to?
Isolate the exponential part
Set equal to that half-mass value and divide both sides by 120 so the equation has the form (some number).
Remove the exponential
Once you have an equation like (some number), use the natural logarithm (ln) on both sides to solve for .
Desmos Guide
Graph the model and the half-mass line
In Desmos, enter the function as on one line, and enter on another line (60 is half of the initial 120 grams).
Find the intersection
Zoom or pan until you see where the curve meets the horizontal line , then click on the intersection point; the x-coordinate of this point is the half-life in days.
Step-by-step Explanation
Interpret what half-life means
Half-life is the time it takes for a substance to decay to half of its initial amount.
From the function , the initial mass is when , which gives grams.
So at the half-life, the mass should be grams.
Set up an equation for half the mass
Set the model equal to half the initial mass:
Divide both sides by 120 to isolate the exponential term:
Use natural logarithms to solve for the exponent
When an exponential equation has the form , take the natural logarithm (ln) of both sides.
Taking ln of both sides of gives:
On a calculator, evaluate to get a negative number.
Solve for time and choose the closest answer
Now solve for by dividing both sides by :
Using a calculator, , so
This means the half-life is about 28 days, which matches answer choice D.