Question 168·Hard·Nonlinear Functions
The function is defined for all real numbers by
For what value of does attain its minimum?
When an exponential function has both and , look for a quadratic pattern by setting . Rewrite the function in terms of , find the minimum of the resulting quadratic using completing the square or the vertex formula , and then convert back to by solving (so ). This avoids calculus and gives a fast, reliable path to the correct answer on SAT questions involving exponential “quadratics.”
Hints
Look at the structure of the function
Compare and . How can you rewrite using so the expression looks more familiar?
Make a substitution
Try letting . What does become in terms of ? What kind of function in is that?
Use what you know about quadratics
For the quadratic in , think about how to find its minimum value: you can use the vertex formula or complete the square. Which value of gives the smallest output?
Convert back to
Once you know the value of that minimizes the quadratic, remember that . How do you solve for ?
Desmos Guide
Graph the function
In Desmos, type f(x) = e^(2x) - 6e^x + 5 (you can also use exp(2x) - 6exp(x) + 5) to graph the function.
Locate the minimum point
Tap or click on the curve and use the “minimum” feature (or just move along the graph) to find the lowest point of the graph. Desmos will display the coordinates of this minimum; note the -value.
Match the -value to an answer choice
In new lines in Desmos, type each option: ln(2), ln(1.5), ln(6), and ln(3). Compare their decimal values to the -coordinate of the minimum; the choice whose value matches that -coordinate is the correct answer.
Step-by-step Explanation
Recognize a quadratic pattern
Notice that , so the function
can be seen as a quadratic expression in .
Let . Then and
Now the problem is: for what value of does attain its minimum?
Find the minimum of the quadratic in
To find the minimum of the quadratic , it is easiest to complete the square:
The term is always nonnegative and is smallest when , which happens when . So the quadratic reaches its minimum value when .
Translate back from to
Recall that we set . We found that the minimum occurs at , so
To solve for , take the natural logarithm of both sides:
Therefore, attains its minimum when , which corresponds to answer choice D.