Question 84·Hard·Nonlinear Equations in One Variable; Systems in Two Variables
In the system of equations below, is an integer constant.
What is the least possible value of for which the system has at most one real solution?
(Express the answer as an integer)
For systems involving a line and a parabola where you are asked about how many real solutions there are, quickly set the two expressions for equal to get a quadratic in , then use the discriminant to control the number of solutions. Translate phrases like "at most one real solution" into the condition , solve the resulting inequality for the parameter (here, ), and finally apply any extra conditions (such as the parameter being an integer) to choose the specific value requested.
Hints
Rewrite and compare the two equations
First rewrite the linear equation in the form , and then set this equal to to get a single equation in .
Get a clear quadratic in x
After you set the two expressions for equal, expand and collect like terms to form a standard quadratic equation .
Connect "at most one real solution" to the discriminant
For the quadratic you formed, think about what condition on the discriminant guarantees that there is one or zero real solution(s) for .
Use the integer restriction on c
Once you solve the inequality involving from the discriminant condition, remember that must be an integer and choose the smallest integer that satisfies your inequality.
Desmos Guide
Graph the line and the parabola with a slider for c
In Desmos, enter y = (x + 10)/2 for the line. Then enter y = (x - 3)^2 + c and let Desmos create a slider for c. This will let you move the parabola up and down.
Use the slider to visualize the number of intersections
Move the c slider and watch how many intersection points the line and parabola have. Find the value of c where the line just touches the parabola at exactly one point (tangent); beyond this value there will be no intersections. That boundary value of c is the cutoff where the system changes from two real solutions to at most one.
Determine the least integer c
From the boundary value you saw in Desmos, identify the smallest integer value of c that is at or above this cutoff. That integer is the least possible value of c for which the system has at most one real solution.
Step-by-step Explanation
Express both equations in terms of y and set them equal
Rewrite the linear equation in slope-intercept form:
Now both equations are written as something:
Set these equal to each other to find the -values where the graphs intersect:
Form a quadratic equation in x
Expand and move everything to one side:
Substitute this into the equation:
Bring all terms to the left side:
Combine like terms:
To avoid decimals, multiply the entire equation by :
Use the discriminant condition for at most one real solution
For a quadratic equation of the form , the discriminant is
There are:
- Two real solutions if ,
- One real solution (a repeated root) if ,
- No real solutions if .
"At most one real solution" means .
In our equation , we have:
- ,
- ,
- .
So the discriminant is
Simplify this:
Now impose the condition :
Solve for c and use the integer condition
Solve the inequality
Add to both sides and subtract :
Divide both sides by :
Compute the fraction:
So must be at least . Because is an integer, the smallest integer that satisfies is . This is the least possible value of for which the system has at most one real solution.