Question 126·Hard·Nonlinear Equations in One Variable; Systems in Two Variables
In the -plane, the line intersects the parabola
The resulting system of equations has exactly one solution. If , what is the value of ?
For line–parabola intersection problems with a parameter (like a slope) and the phrase "exactly one solution," immediately think of tangency and the discriminant. Set the two equations equal to form a quadratic in , write down its coefficients, and use the condition to get a simple equation in the parameter. Solve that equation, then apply any extra conditions (such as ) to choose the valid value. This avoids messy graphing and keeps the work algebraic and quick.
Hints
Connect "one solution" to geometry
If a line intersects a parabola at exactly one point, how are they positioned relative to each other? Think about the idea of a tangent line touching a curve.
Write the intersection condition algebraically
To find where the line and parabola intersect, set their -values equal and rearrange the resulting equation into standard quadratic form in .
Use a property of quadratics with one solution
For the quadratic equation you get, recall what must be true about the discriminant if the equation has exactly one real solution.
Impose the condition m > 0
Solving the discriminant equation will give more than one possible value of . Make sure to choose the one that satisfies .
Desmos Guide
Graph the parabola
In Desmos, enter the parabola: y = x^2 - 6x + 13.
Graph the line with a slider for m
Type y = m x + 1 and when Desmos prompts you, create a slider for m.
Adjust m until the line is tangent
Move the slider for m and watch how the line intersects the parabola. You are looking for the value of m where the line just touches the parabola at exactly one point (the two graphs meet but do not cross).
Read off the value of m
Once you find the position where the line is tangent to the parabola, look at the slider to see the corresponding value of m. That is the slope that makes the system have exactly one solution.
Step-by-step Explanation
Set the equations equal to find intersection points
The intersection points of the line and the parabola occur where their -values are equal.
Set
Rearrange everything to one side to make a quadratic in :
Combine like terms:
This quadratic equation in describes the -coordinates of the intersection points, in terms of .
Use the "exactly one solution" condition
A quadratic equation has:
- two distinct real solutions if
- exactly one real solution if
- no real solutions if
The quantity is called the discriminant.
Here, the quadratic is
So:
For exactly one solution, set the discriminant equal to :
Simplify the discriminant equation
Simplify the equation
First, square the term:
Move to the other side:
Now we will solve this equation for to find the possible slopes.
Solve for m and apply the condition m > 0
From
take the square root of both sides:
Simplify :
So
which gives
Since , only is allowed.
Thus, the value of is