Question 9·Hard·Equivalent Expressions
The expression , where is a constant, can be rewritten as , where and are integer constants. Which of the following must be an integer?
When a quadratic is written both in standard form and in factored form, first expand the factored form and match coefficients to get equations linking the unknown constants. Focus on the constant term: in it equals , so and must be integer factors of that constant. Use this factor relationship to spot guaranteed divisibility (for example, a number always being divided by one of its factors), then test each answer choice algebraically to see which expression is forced to be an integer for all valid integer choices of the constants.
Hints
Relate the two forms of the quadratic
Try expanding and then compare it term-by-term with . What equations do you get for and for the constant term?
Focus on the constant term
From your comparison, look specifically at the equation involving the constant term . How are and connected to ?
Think about factors and divisibility
If and are integers and their product is , what can you say about how is related to ? Which answer choices involve a number being divided by something that must be a factor of ?
Use carefully
Express in terms of and , and then rewrite and . Do those forms guarantee an integer for every possible integer pair with product ?
Desmos Guide
Create integer sliders for and
In Desmos, add variables k and j. Turn them into sliders and set them to take integer values. Choose a pair such that k*j = -35 (for example, select one factor pair of like and ).
Compute in terms of and
In a new Desmos line, type b = 6*j + k to define the corresponding value of for your chosen and . This matches the linear coefficient from expanding .
Evaluate each answer choice numerically
On separate lines, type b/6, b/k, 35/6, and 35/k. Desmos will show decimal or integer values for each expression based on your current and .
Test another valid factor pair and compare
Change and to a different integer pair with product (for example, swap the signs or use another factor pair). Watch how the four expressions change. Identify which expression stays as an integer for both choices of —that expression corresponds to the correct answer choice.
Step-by-step Explanation
Expand the factored form and match coefficients
Rewrite the given factored form and expand it:
This must equal for all , so match coefficients of like terms:
- Coefficient of :
- Constant term:
Here and are integers.
Use the constant term to understand and
From the constant terms, we have
Because and are integers, this equation says that and are integer factor pairs of .
That means:
- must be an integer divisor (factor) of .
- And for each such integer .
Test which expression must always be an integer
Now use what we know about and to check each option.
Recall:
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Option A:
Substitute :
Since does not have to be a multiple of , is not always an integer, so is not guaranteed to be an integer.
- Option B:
There is no reason must divide , so is not always an integer. Thus is not guaranteed to be an integer.
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Option C:
This value does not depend on or at all. It is a fixed number, and is not divisible by , so is not an integer.
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Option D:
From step 2, is always an integer factor of , so always divides . That means is always an integer.
Therefore, the expression that must be an integer is .