Question 107·Medium·Inferences
Many cities struggle to increase participation in household composting. In one city, 20 neighborhoods were randomly assigned to one of two initiatives: (a) free curbside compost bins delivered to every household plus optional monthly workshops led by sanitation staff, or (b) a packet of mailed instructions on how to compost and where to purchase bins. After twelve months, neighborhoods in group (a) diverted, on average, 35 percent more food scraps from landfill than neighborhoods in group (b), and group (a) also had lower rates of contamination in compost bins. Based on this study, it is most reasonable to infer that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
For SAT Reading & Writing inference completion questions, first restate the key facts in your own words, especially any comparisons or results. Then, look for the answer that is a cautious, paraphrased summary of those facts. Be very skeptical of choices with extreme language (always, never, entirely, ineffective) or strong prescriptions (must, should require) that go beyond what was directly tested or stated. Eliminate any option that adds new assumptions or broad causes not supported by the passage, and choose the one that stays closest to the evidence in scope and tone.
Hints
Focus on the comparison
Look closely at how the results of group (a) compare to the results of group (b). What did group (a) get that group (b) did not?
Watch for extreme wording
Check each answer for words like "ineffective," "entirely," or strong recommendations like "should require." Ask if the study’s data is strong enough to support those extremes.
Stick to what the study actually tested
The study only compared two specific setups over 12 months. Avoid choices that make broad claims about all causes or that dictate exact policies the city must follow.
Match the scope of the conclusion to the data
Look for an option that simply reflects that one approach led to better composting results than the other, without making claims that go beyond that evidence.
Step-by-step Explanation
Restate what the study did
First, summarize the setup:
- 20 neighborhoods were put into two groups.
- Group (a) got free curbside compost bins plus optional monthly workshops.
- Group (b) got mailed instructions about how to compost and where to buy bins. The question asks what is most reasonable to infer based on these results.
Restate the main findings
Now restate the outcomes:
- After 12 months, group (a) diverted 35% more food scraps from landfill than group (b).
- Group (a) also had lower contamination in compost bins. So the group that got both equipment and workshops had clearly better composting outcomes than the group that only got mailed instructions.
Decide what kind of conclusion is reasonable
We must choose a statement that:
- Matches the comparison: group (a) vs. group (b).
- Uses moderate language (not absolute claims like "ineffective" or "entirely caused").
- Does not overreach into policy rules (like what the city “should require”) that the study did not test. We are looking for an option that simply reflects that the combination used in group (a) led to better results than the approach in group (b).
Check each answer choice against the evidence
Evaluate the options:
- Choice B says mailed instructions are ineffective, meaning they don’t work at all. But the study only shows they worked less well than bins plus workshops—it does not show they had no effect.
- Choice C says the city should require workshops before bins. The study only tested optional workshops and does not compare required vs. optional attendance, so this is too strong and prescriptive.
- Choice D says contamination is caused entirely by lack of information. The study never rules out other causes; it just shows contamination was lower in group (a).
- Choice A states that giving people both the needed equipment and chances for direct instruction can substantially improve composting outcomes, which matches the study’s results (more scraps diverted and less contamination) without overclaiming.
Therefore, the correct answer is: providing residents with both the necessary equipment and opportunities for direct instruction can substantially improve composting outcomes.